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The Kingdom of Judah ((ヘブライ語:מַמְלֶכֶת יְהוּדָה), ''Mamlekhet Yehuda'') was a state established in the Southern Levant during the Iron Age. The Hebrew Bible says that the kingdom of Judah, along with the northern Kingdom of Israel, was the successor to a United Monarchy, but modern archaeology and textual analysis have suggested otherwise, rejecting the account of a united monarchy and indicating that Judah became a fully developed kingdom much later than the culturally related but politically distinct northern kingdom of Israel.〔Finkelstein, Israel, and Silberman, Neil Asher, ''The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts'', Simon & Schuster, 2002. ISBN 0-684-86912-8〕〔http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/2014/07/wri388001.shtml〕〔Thompson, Thomas L., 1999, ''The Bible in History: How Writers Create a Past'', Jonathan Cape, London, ISBN 978-0-224-03977-2 p. 207〕 It is often referred to as the "Southern Kingdom" to distinguish it from the northern Kingdom of Israel. Judah emerged as a state probably no earlier than the 9th century BCE, although there are differences of opinion as to the dating.〔Lehman in 〕 In the 7th century BCE, Jerusalem became the capital of the kingdom and a city with a population many times greater than before and would dominate the state and its neighbours, probably as the result of a cooperative arrangement with the Assyrians, who wished to establish Judah as a pro-Assyrian vassal state controlling the valuable olive industry. Judah prospered under Assyrian vassalage (despite Hezekiah's revolt against the Assyrian king Sennacherib〔''A History of the Jewish People'', H.H. Ben-Sasson ed., Harvard University Press, 1976, page 142: "Sargon's heir, Sennacherib (705–681), could not deal with Hezekiah's revolt until he gained control of Babylon in 702. ..."〕), but in 605 the Assyrian Empire was defeated, and the ensuing competition between the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt and the Neo-Babylonian Empire for control of the Eastern Mediterranean led to the destruction of the kingdom in a series of campaigns between 597 and 582, the deportation of the elite of the community, and the incorporation of Judah into a province of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. ==Archaeological record== Significant academic debate exists around the character of the Kingdom of Judah. Little archaeological evidence of an extensive, powerful Kingdom of Judah before the late 8th century BCE has been found; Nimrud Tablet K.3751, dated c.733 BCE, is the earliest known record of the name Judah (written in Assyrian cuneiform as Yaudaya or KUR.ia-ú-da-a-a). Archaeologists of the minimalist school doubt the extent of the Kingdom of Judah as depicted in the Bible. Around 1990–2010, an important group of archaeologists and biblical scholars formed the view that the actual Kingdom of Judah bore little resemblance to the biblical portrait of a powerful monarchy. These scholars say the kingdom was no more than a small tribal entity.〔(The keys to the kingdom ), By Asaf Shtull-Trauring (Haaretz, 6.5.2011)〕〔Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman, Free Press, New York, 2001, 385 pp., ISBN 0-684-86912-8〕 However, Yosef Garfinkel has written in a preliminary report published by the Israeli Antiquities Authority that finds at the Khirbet Qeiyafa site support the notion that an urban society already existed in Judah in the late 11th century BCE.〔(Khirbat Qeiyafa Preliminary Report ) (Israel Antiquities Authority, 19/4/2012)〕 Other archaeologists say that the identification of Khirbet Qeiyafa as an Israelite settlement is uncertain.〔 ''The finds have not yet established who the residents were, says Aren Maier, a Bar Ilan University archaeologist''〕〔(Archaeological find stirs debate on David's kingdom ) (Haaretz, May 9th, 2012) ''Prof. Nadav Na'aman, a historian and archaeologist at Tel Aviv University, discounts Garfinkel and Ganor's conclusions. "These are beautiful finds but they are not special in that similar ones have been found in various places, and they should therefore not be connected in any way to the ark," nor to the Temple in Jerusalem, says Na'aman. (...) He said he found the combination on one of the items of lions and doves very interesting. "The dove is connected to a fertility goddess, and this combination hints that the model belonged to a cultic site of a fertility goddess. I think Qeiyafa was a Canaanite site that had no connection to Jerusalem," he added.''〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kingdom of Judah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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